Garland's Digest

on employment discrimination law

Chapter 18 - Title VII Discrimination

Overview

18.100 Introduction

18.200 Issues unique to Title VII

18.300 Issues unique to the different protected classes

18.400 Miscelleous Title VII issues

18.500 Employees who are not considered "employees" under Title
              VII vs. the Government Employee Rights Act ("GERA")

 

Detail

18.100 Introduction

             18.110 Statute

                          18.111 Statute on liability of employer

                          18.112 Statute on liability of employment agency

                          18.113 Statute on liability of labor union

                          18.114 Statute regarding pregnancy discrimination

             18.120 Regulations

             18.130 Deference to regulations

             18.140 Interpretative guidance based on other anti-discrimination
                           laws

             18.150 Remedial statute subject to broad interpretation

             18.160 Standards same for private employers and federal
                           employers

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18.200 Issues unique to Title VII

             18.210 Equal pay claims

             18.220 Scope of Title VII

                          18.221 Protection of interracial association

                          18.222 Prohibits discrimination in health insurance and other
                                        fringe benefits

                          18.223 Indirect liability for interference with an individual's
                                        employment with third parties

                          18.224 Title VII exempts religious organizations from
                                        prohibition against religious discrimination

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18.300 Issues unique to the different protected classes

             18.310 Color

                          18.311 Definition of "color" discrimination

             18.320 National Origin

                          18.321 Definition of "national origin"

                          18.322 Discrimination based on tribal membership

                          18.323 Discrimination based on foreign citizenship is not
                                        protected

                          18.324 Discrimination based on unspecified foreign origin
                                        could be protected

             18.330 Pregnancy

                          18.331 Pregnancy discrimination claims analyzed the same
                                        way as other claims

                          18.332 Employer's knowledge of pregnancy

                          18.333 Requirement of equal treatment, not preferential
                                        treatment

                                       18.333.10 Absenteeism related to pregnancy

                                       18.333.20 Light duty policy that distinguishes
                                                           between work injuries (or conditions) and
                                                           non-work injuries (or conditions) does not
                                                           violate the PDA

                          18.334 Potential to become pregnant

                          18.335 Infertility

                          18.336 Caring for child not protected

             18.340 Race

                          18.341 Employer's knowledge of race

                          18.342 Title VII and 42 U.S.C. ยง 1981 - same analysis

                          18.343 Same race harassment

                          18.344 Protects members of minority and majority

                          18.345 Bigotry must cause an injury

                          18.346 Racist remarks

                                       18.346.10 "Buckwheat"

                                       18.346.20 Reference to African-American male
                                                           genitalia              

             18.350 Religion

                          18.351 Two types of claims - discrimination and failure to
                                        accommodate

                          18.352 Statute and regulations

                                       18.352.10 Statute on reasonable accommodation

                                       18.352.20 Regulations on reasonable accommodation

                          18.353 Burden-shifting test for reasonable accommodation
                                        cases                                                    

                                      18.353.10 Bona fide religious belief that conflicts with
                                                          an employment requirement

                                                         18.353.11 Definition of religion

                                                         18.353.12 Bona fide religious belief

                                                         18.353.13 Conflict exists where employee
                                                                             must use benefits to avoid
                                                                             violating religious beliefs

                                      18.353.20 Employer informed of belief and conflict

                                      18.353.30 Adverse employment action

                                                         18.353.31 "Religious sensibilities" or
                                                                            "employment atmosphere" claim

                          18.354 Reasonable accommodation general principles

                                       18.354.10 What is a reasonable accommodation?

                                       18.354.20 Employer's duty to offer reasonable
                                                           accommodation

                                       18.354.30 Duty to engage in interactive process

                                       18.354.40 No duty to offer accommodation where
                                                          employee is unreasonable

                                       18.354.50 No duty to offer accommodation that would
                                                          discriminate against co-workers or deprive
                                                          them of contractual or statutory rights

                                                          18.354.51 Existence of seniority system
                                                                             does not relieve employer from
                                                                             considering reasonable
                                                                             accommodation  

                                       18.354.60 No duty to allow employee to impose his
                                                           religious beliefs on others

                                       18.354.70 What is the effect of an offer of an
                                                          accommodation after the employer has
                                                          taken its adverse employment action?

                          18.355 Undue hardship

                                       18.355.10 Undue hardship defined

                                       18.355.20 Whether rearranging employees' schedules
                                                           is an undue hardship

                         18.356 Examples of specific religious beliefs to which an
                                       accommodation was requested

                                                          18.356.01 Body piercing

                                                          18.356.02 Confederate flag display

                                                          18.356.03 Law enforcement personnel not
                                                                             wanting to investigate certain
                                                                             crimes or protect certain citizens

                                                          18.356.04 Male truck driver's request not to
                                                                             be paired with female driver

                                               18.356.05 Nurse's refusal to participate in
                                                                             termination of a pregnancy

                                                          18.356.06 Opposition to homosexuality

                                                          18.356.07 Opposition to union membership

                                                     18.356.08 Personal grooming

                                                          18.356.09 Religious holiday

                                                          18.356.10 Religious pilgrimage

                                                          18.356.11 Displaying religious items in the
                                                                              workplace

                                                          18.356.12 Work on the Sabbath

                          18.357 Burden-shifting test for disparate treatment claims

             18.360 Sex or gender

                          18.361 Discrimination because of sex

                                       18.361.10 Favoritism based on romance

                                       18.361.20 Men discriminating against men

                                       18.361.30 Discrimination based on marital status

                          18.362 Discrimination based on sexual orientation

                          18.363 Discrimination based on gender stereotypes

                                       18.363.10 What conduct constitutes gender
                                                           stereotyping

                          18.364 "Sex-plus" discrimination

                          18.365 Difference between sex and gender

                          18.366 De minimus discrimination

                                       18.366.10 Grooming standards

                                                          18.366.11 Hair length

                                       18.366.20 Correctional officer

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18.400 Miscelleous Title VII issues

             18.410 Equal Pay Act affirmative defenses

             18.420 No statutory right to effective assistance of counsel

             18.430 Whether discrimination against Hispanics is national origin or
                           race discrimination?

             18.440 Records retention

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18.500 Employees who are not considered "employees" under Title
              VII vs. the Government Employee Rights Act ("GERA")

             18.510 Overview of Title VII and the GERA

             18.520 Statuary authority

                          18.521 Statutory authority - Title VII

                          18.522 Statutory authority - GERA

             18.530 Scope of Title VII

                          18.531 Overview by circuit

             18.540 Scope of GERA

                          18.541 Overview by circuit

                          18.542 Retaliation claims

             18.550 Proving Title VII claims

                          18.551 Personal staff

             18.560 Proving GERA claims

                          18.561 Adverse employment action

                          18.562 Retaliation claims

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