Garland's Digest

on employment discrimination law

Chapter 21 - Damages and Other Relief

Overview

21.100 Damages and Other Relief

21.200 Compensatory damages

21.300 Equitable and injunctive relief

21.400 Punitive and liquidated damages

21.500 Affirmative Action

21.600 Interest

21.700 Contempt

21.800 Consent decrees

21.900 Miscellaneous


 

Detail

21.100 Damages and Other Relief

             21.110 Overview

                          21.111 Excessive verdict

                                       21.111.10 Excessiveness is determined based on size
                                                          of award after statutory cap is applied

                          21.112 Lost-chance theory (or multiple plaintiffs claiming
                                       denial of same position)

                          21.113 Standard of review of district court's remedy

                          21.114 Proximate causation

                          21.115 Back pay and front pay not available in harassment
                                       claims

             21.120 Statutory cap

                          21.121 Statute

                          21.122 Types of damages excluded from cap

                                       21.122.10 Back pay

                                       21.122.20 Front pay

                          21.123 General principles

                                       21.123.10 Standard of review on questions involving
                                                          application of the statutory cap

                                       21.123.20 Constitutionality of statutory cap

                                       21.123.30 Whether cap applies per lawsuit or per
                                                          claim

                                       21.123.40 Whether the cap is an affirmative defense

                                       21.123.50 Whether number of employees in "current
                                                          or preceding calendar year" refers to the
                                                          year of the discriminatory act or the year of
                                                          the judgment

                                       21.123.60 Where EEOC is the only named plaintiff, but
                                                          is suing on behalf of several individuals,
                                                          can the EEOC recover up to the statutory
                                                          cap for each individual?

                          21.124 [Reserved]

                          21.125 [Reserved]

                          21.126 Application of statutory cap to labor organizations

                          21.127 Allocating damages between compensatory and
                                        punitive to maximize recovery

                          21.128 Allocating damages between federal and state claims
                                        to maximize recovery

                          21.129 Amendment of pleadings post-verdict to maximize
                                        recovery

             21.130 Whether certain damages are duplicative

                          21.131 Punitive damages and liquidated damages

                          21.132 Damages under federal law and state law

                          21.133 Front pay and lost future earnings

             21.140 Tax issues

                          21.141 Payroll tax deductions

             21.150 Statutory authority for damages and other relief

                          21.151 ADEA

                                       21.151.10 Compensatory damages not available

                                       21.151.20 Equitable relief available

                                       21.151.30 Liquidated damages available

                          21.152 ADA

                          21.153 Equal Pay Act

                          21.154 42 U.S.C. § 1981

                          21.155 42 U.S.C. § 1983

                          21.156 FMLA

                          21.157 Rehabilitation Act

                                       21.157.10 Section 501 incorporates Title VII remedies

                                       21.157.20 Section 504 incorporates Title VI remedies

                          21.158 Title VII

             21.160 Whether liquidated damages are compensatory or punitive

             21.170 Nominal damages

                          21.171 Judge or jury question

             21.180 [Reserved]

             21.190 Issues unique to particular statutes

                          21.191 ADEA - overview

                          21.192 ADA - overview

                          21.193 Equal Pay Act - overview

                          21.194 42 U.S.C. § 1981 - overview

                          21.195 42 U.S.C. § 1983 - overview

                          21.196 FMLA - overview

                          21.197 Rehabilitation Act - overview

                          21.198 Title VII - overview

                                       21.198.10 Title VII plaintiff entitled to "full relief"

                                       21.198.20 Damages not available if plaintiff can
                                                          recover under 42 U.S.C. § 1981

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21.200 Compensatory damages

             21.210 In general

                          21.211 Availability of compensatory damages

                                       21.211.10 ADEA

                                       21.211.20 ADA

                                                          21.211.21 ADA disparate impact actions

                                21.211.30  Equal Pay Act

                                21.211.40 42 U.S.C. § 1981

                                        21.211.50 42 U.S.C. § 1983

                                        21.211.60 FMLA

                                        21.211.70 Rehabilitation Act

                                        21.211.80 Title VII

                                                           21.211.81 Title VII disparate impact
                                                                              actions

                                        21.211.90 Availability against United States

                          21.212 Type of harm covered by compensatory damages

             21.220 Emotional distress

                          21.221 Standard for recovery

                          21.222 Standard of appellate review

                          21.223 Amount of emotional distress damages

                                       21.223.10 Actionable wrong caused only part of the
                                                          distress

                          21.224 No requirement of expert testimony

                          21.225 Damages for future emotional distress

                                       21.225.10 Whether future emotional distress
                                                          damages can be awarded where the
                                                          plaintiff has been reinstated

             21.230 [Reserved]

             21.240 Tax enhancement damages

             21.250 Unrealized stock appreciation

             21.260 [Reserved]

             21.270 [Reserved]

             21.280 [Reserved]

             21.290 Other compensatory damages

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21.300 Equitable and injunctive relief

             21.310 In general

                          21.311 Standard of review

                          21.312 Judge or jury question

                                       21.312.10 Back pay

                                       21.312.20 Front pay and/or reinstatement

                                       21.312.30 Pension rights

                                       21.312.40 What if parties agree to jury
                                                          determination?

                                       21.312.50 Judge constrained by jury's findings

                          21.313 Back pay vs. front pay overview

                          21.314 Duty to mitigate damages

                                       21.314.10 Burden of proof

                                                          21.314.11 Findings of fact reviewed for
                                                                             clear error

                                       21.314.20 Standard for determining failure to mitigate
                                                          damages

                                                          21.314.21 Duty to mitigate applies to front
                                                                             pay as well as back pay

                                                          21.314.22 Failure to find work does not
                                                                             establish failure to mitigate

                                       21.314.30 Definition of substantially equivalent work

                                                          21.314.31 When is employer relieved of
                                                                             burden of proving substantially
                                                                             equivalent work?

                                       21.314.40 Tolling back pay period if employee leaves
                                                          subsequent job

                                       21.314.50 Calculation of back pay where a tolling
                                                          period is involved

                                       21.314.60 Inability to work caused by
                                                          defendant/employer

                                       21.314.70 Inability to work not caused by
                                                          defendant/employer

                                       21.314.80 Enrollment in school after unsuccessful job
                                                          search is not a failure to mitigate

                                       21.314.90 Failure to mitigate does not affect right to
                                                          reinstatement

             21.320 Back pay

                          21.321 General principles

                                       21.321.10 Standard of review

                                       21.321.20 Purpose of back pay

                                                          21.321.21 Presumption of entitlement to
                                                                             back pay

                                       21.321.30 Time period for which back pay is available

                                       21.321.40 Circumstances under which back pay may
                                                          not be available

                                       21.321.50 "Same action" defense can avoid liability
                                                          for back pay

                                       21.321.60 "Excess earnings" do not count against
                                                          back pay award

                                       21.321.70 Hostile work environment plaintiff must
                                                          show constructive discharge in order to be
                                                          entitled to back pay

                          21.322 Inclusion of fringe benefits

                                       21.322.10 Whether recovery of lost medical
                                                          premiums requires proof that medical
                                                          expenses were incurred?

                          21.323 Significance of liquidated damages award

                          21.324 Lost overtime as back pay

             21.330 Front pay

                          21.331 General principles

                                       21.331.10 Standard of review

                                       21.331.20 Definition or purpose of front pay

                          21.332 Instatement or reinstatement is preferred over front
                                       pay

                                       21.332.10 Standard for determining that front pay
                                                          should be awarded in lieu of instatement or
                                                          reinstatement

                          21.333 Reinstatement and front pay combined

                          21.334 Consideration of plaintiff's misconduct

                          21.335 Calculation of amount of front pay

                                       21.335.10 Other damages offsetting need for front
                                                          pay

                                       21.335.20 Amount of front pay is always speculative

                                       21.335.30 Consideration of employee's work history

                                       21.335.40 Consideration of employer's post-verdict
                                                          conduct

                                       21.335.50 Consideration of employee's efforts to
                                                          mitigate damages

                          21.336 Inclusion of fringe benefits

                          21.337 Significance of fact that plaintiff is an employee at will

                          21.338 Significance of liquidated damages award

             21.340 Instatement or reinstatement

                          21.341 Standard of review

                          21.342 General factors to consider

                          21.343 What if position no longer exists?

                          21.344 Co-worker hostility

             21.350 Promotion

             21.360 Preliminary injunction

                          21.361 Standard for preliminary injunctive relief

                          21.362 Standard for preliminary injunctive relief where the
                                       EEOC is the movant

                          21.363 Standard for irreparable harm

             21.370 Permanent injunction

                          21.371 General principles

                          21.372 Relief against states under ADEA

             21.380 Other equitable relief

                          21.381 Expungement of records

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21.400 Punitive and liquidated damages

             21.410 Statutes allowing punitive or liquidated damages

                          21.411 ADEA

                          21.412 ADA

                          21.413 Equal Pay Act

                          21.414 42 U.S.C. § 1981

                          21.415 42 U.S.C. § 1983

                          21.416 FMLA

                          21.417 Rehabilitation Act

                                       21.417.10 Section 501 of Rehabilitation Act

                                       21.417.20 Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act

                          21.418 Title VII

                          21.419 [Reserved]

             21.420 General principles

                          21.421 Jury discretion

                          21.422 Availability against local government

                                       21.422.10 ADEA

                                       21.422.20 ADA

                                       21.422.30 Equal Pay Act

                                       21.422.40 42 U.S.C. § 1981

                                       21.422.50 42 U.S.C. § 1983

                                       21.422.60 FMLA

                                       21.422.70 Rehabilitation Act

                                       21.422.80 Title VII

                          21.423 Availability against federal government

                                       21.423.10 Availability against U.S. Postal Service

                          21.424 Requirement of award of compensatory or nominal
                                       damages

                          21.425 Burden of proof

                          21.426 Standard of review

                          21.427 Punitive damages should only be awarded to plaintiff
                                       who directly suffered the conduct supporting the
                                       award

             21.430 Title VII and ADA standard for awarding punitive damages

                          21.431 Title VII and ADA statute

                          21.432 Kolstad overview

                          21.433 Conduct warranting punitive damages

                                       21.433.10 "Malice or reckless indifference" defined

                                       21.433.20 Intentional discrimination may not support
                                                          punitive damage award in some
                                                          circumstances

                          21.434 Kolstad's four bases for employer liability

                          21.435 Agent in managerial capacity acting within scope of
                                       employment

                                       21.435.10 "Managerial capacity" defined

                                       21.435.20 "Scope of employment" defined

                                       21.435.30 Employer liability for harassment

                                       21.435.40 Defense of good-faith efforts by employer

                                                          21.435.41 Good-faith efforts by employer -
                                                                             burden of proof on this issue

                                                          21.435.42 May employer introduce
                                                                             evidence of remedial measures
                                                                             taken after plaintiff has filed an
                                                                             EEOC charge or a lawsuit?

                                                         21.435.43 Advice of counsel defense

                          21.436 Kolstad's other three bases

                                       21.436.10 Employer authorized the doing and the
                                                          manner of the act

                                       21.436.20 Agent was unfit and employer was reckless
                                                          in employing him

                                       21.436.30 Employer or managerial agent ratified or
                                                          approved the act

                          21.437 Cases addressing Title VII and ADA standard

                          21.438 Miscellaneous issues

                                       21.438.10 Employee's failure to follow employer's
                                                          complaint procedures does not bar
                                                          recovery of punitive damages

                                      21.438.20 Supervisor's knowledge of harassment not
                                                         imputed to company where supervisor is
                                                         harasser

             21.440 42 U.S.C. § 1983 standard for awarding punitive damages

             21.450 Excessiveness of award

                          21.451 Whether award violates due process?

                                       21.451.10 Standard of review

                                       21.451.20 How does statutory cap affect analysis of
                                                          ratio of punitive to compensatory
                                                          damages?

                                       21.451.30 Title VII's cap as factor to consider on issue
                                                          of excessiveness of punitive damages
                                                          award under 42 U.S.C. § 1981

                          21.452 Whether award violates common law standard of
                                       excessiveness

                                      21.452.10 Standard of review

                                      21.452.20 Consideration of whether payment will
                                                         come from pocket of the individual

                                      21.452.30 Review of case law

             21.460 Liquidated damages under the ADEA

                          21.461 Statutory authority

                          21.462 Standard for recovery

                                       21.462.10 Explanation of "willfulness"

                                       21.462.20 Issue of willfulness is jury question

                                       21.462.30 Finding of willfulness mandates an award of
                                                          liquidated damages

                          21.463 Damages subject to mandatory doubling

                          21.464 Availability against local government

                          21.465 Availability against federal government

             21.470 Liquidated damages under the Equal Pay Act

                          21.471 Statutory authority

                          21.472 Standard for recovery

                                       21.472.10 Explanation of "willfulness"

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21.500 Affirmative action

 

21.600 Interest

             21.610 Prejudgment interest

                          21.611 Discretion of trial court

                                       21.611.10 Rate of interest

                                       21.611.20 Calculation of interest

                          21.612 Past injuries (backpay and emotional distress)

                          21.613 Future injuries (front pay and emotional distress)

                          21.614 No sovereign immunity from prejudgment interest

                          21.615 Particular anti-discrimination laws

                                       21.615.10 ADEA

                                                          21.615.11 Interest on liquidated damages

             21.620 Post judgment interest

                          21.621 Interest on attorney's fees

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21.700 Contempt

             21.710 Civil contempt

             21.720 Criminal contempt

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21.800 Consent decrees

             21.810 Standard of review

             21.820 District court's unilateral extension of consent decree

             21.830 Termination of consent decree

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21.900 Miscellaneous

             21.910 Duty to mitigate damages

             21.920 Collateral source rule

                          21.921 Pension benefits

                          21.922 Social Security benefits

                          21.923 Unemployment benefits

                          21.924 Workers' compensation benefits

             21.930 Calculation of damages

                          21.931 Discount to present value

                          21.932 After-acquired evidence

             21.940 Additur

             21.950 Remittitur and/or excessive damages analysis

                          21.951 Standard of review

                          21.952 Should statutory cap be a factor in the analysis so
                                        that only the most egregious cases are awarded the
                                        maximum under the cap?

                          21.953 Comparison to awards in other cases

             21.960 Offer of judgment

             21.970 [Reserved]

             21.980 No remedy available

             21.990 Collection of judgment

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